A Global View: Introduction to the Atmosphere. Composition and Structure. Radiative Equilibrium of the Planet. The Global Energy Budget. The General Circulation. Thermodynamics of Gases: Thermodynamic Concepts. TheFirst Law. Heat Capacity. Adiabatic Processes. Diabatic Processes. The Second Law and Its Implications: Natural and Reversible Processes. Entropy and the Second Law. Restricted Forms of the Second Law. The Fundamental Relations. Conditions for Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Relationship of Entropy to Potential Temperature. Heterogeneous Systems: Description of a Heterogeneous System. Chemical Equilibrium. Fundamental Relations for a Multicomponent System. Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom. Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water. Equilibrium Phase Transformations. Transformations of Moist Air: Description of Moist Air. Implications for the Distribution of Water Vapor. State Variables of the Two-Component System. Thermodynamic Behavior Accompanying Vertical Motion. The Pseudo-Adiabatic Chart.
Hydrostatic Equilibrium: Effective Gravity. Geopotential Coordinates. Hydrostatic Balance. Stratification. Lagrangian Interpretation of Stratification. Hydrostatic Stability: Reaction to Vertical Displacement. Stability Categories. Implications for Vertical Motion. Finite Displacements. Stabilizing and Destabilizing Influences. Turbulent Dispersion. Atmospheric Radiation: Shortwave and Longwave Radiation. Description of Radiative Transfer. Absorption Characteristics of Gases. Radiative Transfer in a Plane Parallel Atmosphere. Thermal Equilibrium. Thermal Relaxation. The Greenhouse Effect. Aerosol and Clouds: Morphology of Atmospheric Aerosol. Microphysics of Clouds. Macroscopic Characteristics of Clouds. Radiative Transfer in Aerosol and Cloud. Roles of Clouds and Aerosol in Climate. Atmospheric Motion: Descriptions of Atmospheric Motion. Kinematics of Fluid Motion. The Material Derivative. Reynolds Transport Theorem. Conservation of Mass. The Momentum Budget. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Atmospheric Equations of Motion: Curvilinear Coordinates. Spherical Coordinates. Special Forms of Motion. Prevailing Balances. Thermodynamic Coordinates. Large-Scale Motion:Geostrophic Equilibrium. Vertical Shear of the Geostrophic Wind. Frictional Geostrophic Motion. Curvilinear Motion. Weakly Divergent Motion. The Planetary Boundary Layer: Description of Turbulence. Structure of the Boundary Layer. Influence of Stratification. Ekman Pumping. Atmospheric Waves: Description of Wave Propagation. Acoustic Waves. Buoyancy Waves. The Lamb Wave. Rossby Waves. Wave Absorption. Nonlinear Considerations. The General Circulation: Forms of Atmospheric Energy. Heat Transfer in an Axisymmetric Circulation. Heat Transfer in a Laboratory Analogue. Tropical Circulations. Hydrodynamic Instability: Inertial Instability. Shear Instability. The Eady Problem. Nonlinear Considerations. The Middle Atmosphere: Ozone Photochemistry. Involvement of Other Species. Air Motion. Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. Direct Interactions with the Troposphere. Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions. Appendix A: Conversion to SI Units. Appendix B:Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Water. Appendix C: Physical Constants. Appendix D: Vector Identities. Appendix E: Curvilinear Coordinates. Appendix F: Pseudo-Adiabatic Chart. References. Answers to Selected Problems. Subject Index.